अब हम direct and indirect speech (narration) in hindi. Narration के कुछ अपवादों तथा interrogative, imperative, optative and exclamatory sentence ke के बारे में चर्चा करेंगे। जिससे state board exam, competitive exam आदि परीक्षाओंं में अधिकतर प्रश्न पूछा जाता है।
Direct and indirect speech ( narration ) in hindi
Exception of Narration (कथन की अपवाद)
तो सबसे पहले मैं आपको narration के exception के बारे में बताऊंगा। Exception का हिंदी अर्थ 'अपवाद' होता है।
Narration के कुछ अपवाद निम्नलिखित दिए गए हैं।
1. सदा सत्य रहने वाली बात (universal truth) के verb में परिवर्तन नहीं होता है-
जैसे- (i) the teacher said,"the earth moves around the sun." (Direct)
The teacher said that the Earth moves round the sun. (Indirect)
(ii) Ram said,"the sun rises in the East." (Direct)
Ram said that the sun rises in the East. (Indirect)
उपरोक्त वाक्य से स्पष्ट है कि "पृथीबी सूर्य के चारों ओर चक्कर लगाती है।"(the earth moves around the sun.) यह सदा सत्य रहने वाली बात है। इसलिए indirect बनाते समय कोई परिवर्तन नहीं किया गया है।
2. आदत संबंधित तथ्यय (habitual facts) के verb नहीं बदलते-
जैसे- (i) His father said,"I get up early in the morning daily." (Direct)
His father said that he gets up early in the morning daily. (Indirect)
3. मुहाावरे (proverbs) जिसमें universal truth का बोध हो, का verb नहीं बदलता-
जैसे- (i) He reminded,"A bad carpenter quarrels with his tools." (Direct)
He reminded that a bad carpenter quarrels with his tools. (Indirect)
(ii) Mohan said,"when the cat is away, the mice play." (Direct)
Mohan said that when the cat is away, the mice play. (Indirect)
4. ऐतिहासिक तथ्य (historical facts) वाले वाक्यों के verb नहीं बदलते-
जैसे- (i) He said, "Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India." (Direct)
He said that Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India. (Indirect)
5. यदि Must से किसी नियम का सिद्धांत, स्थाई आदेश अथवा हनुमान का बोध हो तो इसे नहीं बदलते-
जैसे- (i) He said, " Students must respect their teachers." (Direct)
He said that students must respect their teachers. (Indirect)
(ii) The police man said, "Passengers must not cross the line." (Direct)
The police man said that passengers must not cross the line. (Indirect)
6. जब वाक्य मेंं कई simple past tense हो तो पहले को ही past perfect tense में बदला जाता है शेष को नहीं -
जैसे- (i) He said, "I finished the novel two days ago. I then gave it to Ramesh who kept it for a long time."(Direct)
He said that he had finished the noble two days before then he gave it to Ramesh, who kept it for a long time. (Indirect)
Interrogative sentence (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य)
There are two types of interrogative sentence.
(i) Yes/no type Question सामान्यत: सहायक क्रिया से प्रारंभ होते हैं जिनका उत्तर हां या नहीं में दिया जाता है।
जैसे-
- Do you go to school?
- Are you playing here?
- Do you know me?
(ii) Wh type Question ऐसे वाक्य जो प्रश्नवाचक शब्द who, what, where, when, why, whenever अर्थात Wh से प्रारंभ होतेे हैं और जिनका उत्तर yes या no में नहीं दिया जा सकता है।
जैसे-
- Who are you?
- What are you doing?
- How are you?
Interrogative sentence में होने वाले परिवर्तन
Rule 1 यदि reported clause, auxiliary verbs ( is, am, are, was, were, do does, did, will, can, could, may, might आदि) से प्रारंभ होनेेे वाले वाक्यों, निम्नलिखित नियमों का पालन किया जाता है।
(A) Say/said to को ask/asked या enquire/enquired में बदल देते हैं तथा कभी-कभी ask/asked के स्थान पर interrogate/interrogated का भी प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(B) conjunction 'that' का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता बल्कि whether/if का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(C) Reported clause को interrogative sentence से उसके assertive sentence में बदल देते हैं।
(D) वाक्यय के अंंत में question mark (?) के स्थान पर full stop (.) का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
उदाहरण :
(i) Raveena said,"Is there a snake in the house?" (Direct)
Ravina asked if there was a snake in the house. (Indirect)
(ii) Kanika said to Abhay,"had you completed your homework?" (Direct)
Kanika asked Abhay if he had completed his homework. (Indirect)
(iii) Rakesh said to Ashish, "Can you lend me some money?" (Direct)
Rakesh asked Ashish if/whether I could lend him some money.
Rule 2 यदि reported clause, question words ( what, why, where, who, when, which आदि) से प्रारंभ हो, तो निम्नलिखित नियमों का पालन किया जाता है।
(A) Say/said to को ask/asked में बदल देते हैं तथा कभी-कभी ask/asked के स्थान पर enquire/enquired या interrogate/interrogated का भी प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(B) conjunction 'that' के स्थान पर if/whether का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता बल्कि direct speech में प्रयुक्त question word का ही प्रयोग किया जाता है तथा उसके बाद subject को लिखा जाता है।
(C) Reported clause को interrogative sentences से उसके assertive sentence में बदल दिया जाता है।
(D) वाक्य के अंत में question mark (?) के स्थान पर full stop का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
उदाहरण :
(i) I said to her, "where were you yesterday?" (Direct)
I asked her where she had been the previous day. (Indirect)
(ii) My teacher said to me, "why are you making a noise in the class?" (Direct)
My teacher asked me why I was making a noise in the class. (Indirect)
Imperative sentence (आदेशात्मक वाक्य)
Imperative sentence in hindi. आदेशात्मक वाक्य में निम्नलिखित प्रकार के भाव व्यक्त करते हैं।
- Commands (आदेश)
- Requests ( निवेदन )
- Advice ( परामर्श )
Request with Let ( Let के प्रयोग के आधार पर निवेदन )
Imperative sentences में होने वाले परिवर्तन
Imperative sentence को indirect में बदलते समय निम्नलिखित नियमों का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Rule 1 (a) Say to/ said to के स्थान पर command/commanded, order/ordered, request/requested, suggest/suggested, advise/advised आदि शब्दों का भाव के अनुसार प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(b) conjunction 'that' के स्थान पर to का प्रयोोग किया है।
(c) प्रार्थना सूचक वाक्यों में requested का प्रयोग करके please,kindly,sir,madam आदि शब्द को हटा दिया जाता है।
जैसे-
(i) Prem said to me,"Please, give me your bike." (Direct)
Prem requested me to give him my bike. (Indirect)
(ii) the boss said to the peon,"Bring me a glass of water." (Direct)
The boss ordered the peon to bring him a glass of water. (Indirect)
(iii) The teacher said to the boys, "Get out from the class." (Direct)
The teachers ordered the boys to get out from the class. (Indirect)
(iv) He said to me,"please give me your pen." (Direct)
He requested me to give him my pen. (Indirect)
(v) The doctor said to the patient,"take complete rest." (Direct)
The doctor advised the patient to take complete rest. (Indirect)
Note : कभी-कभी Question के माध्यम से निवेदन किया जाता है। ऐसे वाक्यों में can,could, will या wood का प्रयोग कियाा जाता है । ऐसेेे वाक्यों को request के समान ही indirect speech में परिवर्तन किया जाता है।
जैसे-
(i) The boy said to me,"Will you please help me to lift the box." (Direct)
The boy requested me to help him to lift the box. (Indirect)
(ii) The stranger said to the passerby," Can you tell me the way to the railway station." (Direct)
The stranger requested the passerby to tell him the way to the railway station. (Indirect)
Rule 2 Negative sentence बनाते समय do not के स्थान पर not to का प्रयोग कियाााा जाता है। अथवा said to को forbade में बदलकर not का प्रयोग नहींं किया जाता, केवल to का प्रयोग कियाा जाता है।
जैसे-
(i) He said to the children,"Don't play in the garden." (Direct)
He ordered the children not to play in the garden. (Indirect)
Or
He forbade the children to play in the garden. (Indirect)
[Use of Let ]'Let' से प्रारंभ होने वाले sentences में परिवर्तन
Let का प्रयोग किन परिस्थितियों में किया जाता हैं।
1. Request का भाव
(i) I said to my friends," Let me work." (Direct)
I requested my friends to let me work. (Indirect)
(ii) I said to my father,"Let me sleep now." (Direct)
I requested my father to let me sleep then. (Indirect)
2. Proposal and suggestion का भाव
(i) I said to Ram,"Let us go home." (Direct)
I proposed to Ram that we should go home. (Indirect)
(ii) He said to me,"Let us go for a walk." (Direct)
He suggested me that we should go for a walk. (Indirect)
3. Order का भाव
(i) the principal said to the teacher,"Let the boys go home." (Direct)
The principal ordered the teacher to let the boys go home. (Indirect)
4. Shouted का प्रयोग
(i) He shouted,"Let me go." (Direct)
He shouted to let him go. (Indirect)
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